This book presents an elementary treatment of the principles of heat transfer. As a text it contains more than enough material for a one-semester course that may be presented at the junior level, or higher, depending on individual course objectives. The course is normally required in chemical and mechanical engineering curricula but is recommended for electrical engineering students as well, because of the significance of cooling problems in various electronics applications. In the author’s experience, electrical engineering students do quite well in a heat-transfer course, even with no formal coursework background in thermodynamics or fluid mechanics. A background in ordinary differential equations is helpful for proper understanding of the material.
Presentation of the subject follows classical lines of separate discussions for conduc-tion, convection, and radiation, although it is emphasized that the physical mechanism of convection heat transfer is one of conduction through the stationary fluid layer near the heat-transfer surface. Throughout the book emphasis has been placed on physical understanding while, at the same time, relying on meaningful experimental data in those circumstances that do not permit a simple analytical solution.
Conduction is treated from both the analytical and the numerical viewpoint, so that the reader is afforded the insight that is gained from analytical solutions as well as the important tools of numerical analysis that must often be used in practice. A liberal number of numerical examples are given that include heat sources and radiation boundary conditions, non-uniform mesh size, and one example of a three-dimensional nodal system. A similar procedure is followed in the presentation of convection heat transfer. An integral analysis of both free- and forced-convection boundary layers is used to present a physical picture of the convection process. From this physical description, inferences may be drawn that naturally lead to the presentation of empirical and practical relations for calculating convection heat-transfer coefficients. Because it provides an easier instruction vehicle than other methods, the radiation-network method is used extensively in the introduction of analysis of radiation systems, while a more generalized formulation is given later. Systems of nonlinear equations requiring iterative solutions are also discussed in the conduction and radiation chapters but
the details of solution are relegated to cited software references. The assumption is madethat the well-disposed reader should select his or her own preferred vehicle for solution ofsystems of nonlinear equations

C HAPT E R 1
Introduction 1
1-1 Conduction Heat Transfer 1
1-2 Thermal Conductivity 5
1-3 Convection Heat Transfer 10
1-4 Radiation Heat Transfer 12
1-5 Dimensions and Units 13
1-6 Summary 19
Review Questions 20
List of Worked Examples 21
Problems 21
References 25
C HAPT E R 2
Steady-State Conduction—
One Dimension 27
2-1 Introduction 27
2-2 The Plane Wall 27
2-3 Insulation and R Values 28
2-4 Radial Systems 29
2-5 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 33
2-6 Critical Thickness of Insulation 39
2-7 Heat-Source Systems 41
2-8 Cylinder with Heat Sources 43
2-9 Conduction-Convection Systems 45
2-10 Fins 48
2-11 Thermal Contact Resistance 57
Review Questions 60
List of Worked Examples 60
Problems 61
References 75
C HAPT E R 3
Steady-State Conduction—Multiple
Dimensions 77
3-1 Introduction 77
3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional
Heat Conduction 77
3-3 Graphical Analysis 81
3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor 83
3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis 88
3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of
Resistance Elements 98
3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration 99
3-8 Accuracy Considerations 102
3-9 Electrical Analogy for Two-Dimensional
Conduction 118
3-10 Summary 119
Review Questions 119
List of Worked Examples 120
Problems 120
References 136
C HAPT E R 4
Unsteady-State Conduction 139
4-1 Introduction 139
4-2 Lumped-Heat-Capacity System 141
4-3 Transient Heat Flow in a Semi-Infinite
Solid 143
4-4 Convection Boundary Conditions 147
4-5 Multidimensional Systems 162
4-6 Transient Numerical Method 168
4-7 Thermal Resistance and Capacity
Formulation 176
4-8 Summary 192
Review Questions 193
List of Worked Examples 193
Problems 194
References 214
vi Contents
CHAPTER 5
Principles of Convection 215
5-1 Introduction 215
5-2 Viscous Flow 215
5-3 Inviscid Flow 218
5-4 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 222
5-5 Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer 228
5-6 The Thermal Boundary Layer 231
5-7 The Relation Between Fluid Friction
and Heat Transfer 241
5-8 Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Heat Transfer 243
5-9 Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Thickness 250
5-10 Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow 253
5-11 Turbulent Flow in a Tube 257
5-12 Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow 259
5-13 Summary 264
Review Questions 264
List of Worked Examples 266
Problems 266
References 274
CHAPTER 6
Empirical and Practical Relations
for Forced-Convection Heat Transfer 277
6-1 Introduction 277
6-2 Empirical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow 279
6-3 Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres 293
6-4 Flow Across Tube Banks 303
6-5 Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer 308
6-6 Summary 311
Review Questions 313
List of Worked Examples 314
Problems 314
References 324
CHAPTER 7
Natural Convection Systems 327
7-1 Introduction 327
7-2 Free-Convection Heat Transfer on a
Vertical Flat Plate 327
7-3 Empirical Relations for Free Convection 332
7-4 Free Convection from Vertical Planes
and Cylinders 334
7-5 Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders 340
7-6 Free Convection from Horizontal Plates 342
7-7 Free Convection from Inclined Surfaces 344
7-8 Nonnewtonian Fluids 345
7-9 Simplified Equations for Air 345
7-10 Free Convection from Spheres 346
7-11 Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces 347
-12 Combined Free and Forced Convection 358
7-13 Summary 362
7-14 Summary Procedure for all Convection
Problems 362
Review Questions 363
List of Worked Examples 365
Problems 365
References 375
CHAPTER 8
Radiation Heat Transfer 379
8-1 Introduction 379
8-2 Physical Mechanism 379
8-3 Radiation Properties 381
8-4 Radiation Shape Factor 388
8-5 Relations Between Shape Factors 398
8-6 Heat Exchange Between Nonblackbodies 404
8-7 Infinite Parallel Surfaces 411
8-8 Radiation Shields 416
8-9 Gas Radiation 420
8-10 Radiation Network for an Absorbing
and Transmitting Medium 421
8-11 Radiation Exchange with Specular Surfaces 426
8-12 Radiation Exchange with Transmitting,
Reflecting, and Absorbing Media 430
8-13 Formulation for Numerical Solution 437
8-14 Solar Radiation 451
8-15 Radiation Properties of the Environment 458
8-16 Effect of Radiation on Temperature
Measurement 459
8-17 The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient 460
8-18 Summary 461
Review Questions 462
List of Worked Examples 462
Problems 463
References 485
Contents vii
CHAPTER 9
Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer 487
9-1 Introduction 487
9-2 Condensation Heat-Transfer Phenomena 487
9-3 The Condensation Number 492
9-4 Film Condensation Inside Horizontal
Tubes 493
9-5 Boiling Heat Transfer 496
9-6 Simplified Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer
with Water 507
9-7 The Heat Pipe 509
9-8 Summary and Design Information 511
Review Questions 512
List of Worked Examples 513
Problems 513
References 517
CHAPTER 10
Heat Exchangers 521
10-1 Introduction 521
10-2 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 521
10-3 Fouling Factors 527
10-4 Types of Heat Exchangers 528
10-5 The Log Mean Temperature Difference 531
10-6 Effectiveness-NTU Method 540
10-7 Compact Heat Exchangers 555
10-8 Analysis for Variable Properties 559
10-9 Heat-Exchanger Design Considerations 567
Review Questions 567
List of Worked Examples 568
Problems 568
References 584
CHAPTER 11
Mass Transfer 587
11-1 Introduction 587
11-2 Fick’s Law of Diffusion 587
11-3 Diffusion in Gases 589
11-4 Diffusion in Liquids and Solids 593
11-5 The Mass-Transfer Coefficient 594
11-6 Evaporation Processes in the
Atmosphere 597
Review Questions 600
List of Worked Examples 601
Problems 601
References 603
CHAPTER 12
Summary and Design Information 605
12-1 Introduction 605
12-2 Conduction Problems 606
12-3 Convection Heat-Transfer Relations 608
12-4 Radiation Heat Transfer 623
12-5 Heat Exchangers 628
List of Worked Examples 645
Problems 645
APPENDIX A
Tables 649
A-1 The Error Function 649
A-2 Property Values for Metals 650
A-3 Properties of Nonmetals 654
A-4 Properties of Saturated Liquids 656
A-5 Properties of Air at Atmospheric
Pressure 658
A-6 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric
Pressure 659
A-7 Physical Properties of Some Common
Low-Melting-Point Metals 661
A-8 Diffusion Coefficients of Gases and Vapors
in Air at 25◦C and 1 atm 661
A-9 Properties of Water (Saturated Liquid) 662
A-10 Normal Total Emissivity of Various
Surfaces 663
A-11 Steel-Pipe Dimensions 665
A-12 Conversion Factors 666
APPENDIX B
Exact Solutions of Laminar-Boundary-Layer Equations 667
APPENDIX C
Analytical Relations for the
Heisler Charts 673
viii Contents
APPENDIX D
Use of Microsoft Excel for Solution
of Heat-Transfer Problems 679
D-1 Introduction 679
D-2 Excel Template for Solution of
Steady-State Heat-Transfer
Problems 679
D-3 Solution of Equations for Nonuniform
Grid and/or Nonuniform
Properties 683
D-4 Heat Sources and Radiation
Boundary Conditions 683
D-5 Excel Procedure for Transient
Heat Transfer 684
-6 Formulation for Heating of Lumped Capacity with Convection and Radiation 697
List of Worked Examples 712
References 712
Index 713